Environmentally degradable biodegradable blends of a dialkanoyl polymer and an environmentally degradable ethylene polymer

ABSTRACT

Novel polymeric blends which are capable of being fabricated into useful and novel consumer-type and industrial-type plastic products. After the useful life of such products they can be discarded. The ambient surrounding elements, including microorganisms and sunlight, thereafter cause the discarded products to degrade. The novel blends comprise a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, e.g., poly(epsilon-caprolactone) or poly(ethylene adipate), and an evironmentally degradable normally-solid ethylene polymer.

United States Patent Clendinning et a1.

[4 1 Aug. 26, 1975 ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE BLENDS OF A DIALKANOYL POLYMER AND AN ENVIRONMENT/ALLY DEGRADABLE ETHYLENE POLYMER Inventors: Robert A. Clendinning, New

Providence; James E. Potts, Millington; Stephen W. Cornell, Dunellen, all of NJ.

Union Carbide Corporation, New York, NY.

Filed: July 15, 1974 Appl. NO.I 488,496

Related US. Application Data Division of Ser. No. 275,971, July 28, 1972, Pat. No. 3,867,324.

Assignee:

US. Cl. 260/23 H; 47/9; 47/37; 260/4595 R; 260/873; 260/D1G. 43 Int. Cl. C09f 29/12 Field of Search 47/37, 9; 260/D1G. 43, 260/873, 23 H, 45.9, 45.95 R

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1969 Cope 260/373 7/1969 Newland et a1 260/23 3,562,200 2/197] Jones et a1. 260/873 3,636,956 l/1972 Schneider 260/783 3,642,945 2/1972 Cleary 260/873 3,676,401 7/1972 Henry 260/23 3,767,638 10/1973 Johnson 260/937 3,769,260 10/1973 Segal 260/873 3,825,620 7/1974 Kolcske et a1. 260/873 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Polymer Preprints," Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 629-634. Chem. Tech. July 1971, pp. 409-415.

Applied Microbiology," Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 900905, Darby (1968).

Primary Examiner-Eugene C. Rzucidlo Attorney, Agent, or FirmJ. J. O'Connell [57] ABSTRACT 21 Claims, No Drawings ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE BLENDS OF A DIALKANOYL POLYMER AND AN ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE ETHYLENE POLYMER This is a division of application Ser. No. 275.97l filed July 28. U972. now US. Pat. No. 3.867.324.

This invention relates to novel blends comprising a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and an environmentally degradable ethylene polymer: to the novel shaped articles fabricated therefrom as exemplified by mulch film. transplanter containers. disposable con' tainers, shipping boxes and crates. packaging material. can carriers. and the like; and to transplanter containers which possess a germination medium. and optionally. a seed or seedling in such medium.

The literal inundation of our lands in recent years with plastic and plastic-like packaging material and shipping containers in the form of discarded film. boxes. crates. wrappings. etc. has received wide atteiv tion during the last decade. One approach towards a partial solution to this plastic litter and disposal problem has been the incorporation of arious additives into opaque polyolefin films to make them photodegradable. This approach. though of limited applicability. has been looked upon with favor from ecological-minded citizens who are aware of the current plastic litter problems.

ln the seed and nursery industries and in the regeneration of forests. it is a common practice to plant seeds or seedlings in soil or conditioned material which is contained in relatively small containers, such as metal cans. clay pots. polystyrene containers. etc.. so that initial growth may be carefully controlled under greenhouse or other desirable conditions. During such growth. the root system of the plant develops and becomes established within the soil or other material in the container. The use of metal. clay or other similar types of containers is generally satisfactory during the initial growth period. A major drawback of such containers is that the plant must be entirely removed from the container when it is to be transplanted to the field or to a larger container. Since the root system has developed within the soil or material in which growth was started. the roots are firmly embedded and intertwined with such soil and removal from the container of the plant and the soil in which the roots are established disturbs the root system and results in damage thereto. It would be advantageous. therefore. if such containers were fabricated from a mixture comprising an environmentally degradable substance(s) and a biodegradable substance(s) in which the container possesses the capability of maintaining its shape while undergoing at least partial environmental degradation during the initial growth period of a plant and. after transplanting the container and its contents to the field. by hand or mechanical means. it possesses the capability of undergoing biodegradation.

Accordingly. it is an object of this invention to provide novel blends comprising biodegradable thermoplastic polymers and environmentally degradable ethylcne polymers. It is also an object of the invention to provide novel blends from materials comprising biodegradable and environmentally degradable substances. said blends having the capability of being fabricated into articles of commerce. e.g.. boxes. crates. packing material. film. containers. and the like. Another object of the invention is to provide novel shaped articles in the form of film. disposable containers, transplanter containers. shipping containers. storage containers. packaging material. toys. and the like said articles having the capability of undergoing both biodegradation and environmental degradation. A further object is to provide an improved transplanter container fabricated from materials comprising biodegradable thermoplastic polymers and environmentally degradable thermoplastic ethylene polymers. said container being characterized by its ability to maintain its shape while under going at least partial environmental degradation during the initial growth period of a plant and. after transplanting the container and its contents to the field. by hand or mechanical means. being characterized by its ability to undergo biodegradation. A particular object is to provide an improved transplanter container constructed of materials which has the property of holding its shape in a moist and/or humid environment. A yet further object of the invention is to provide a novel ag ricultural mulch from material comprising biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and environmentally degradable ethylene polymer Another object of the invention is to provide improved methods utilizing biodegradable mulches and transplanter containers. Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel article of manufacture comprising a biodegradable-environmentally degradable thermoplastic container. at germination medium. and a seed or seedling therein. At least one of the aforesaid objects and other objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art in the light 'of the specification.

ln one aspect the invention is directed to novel blends comprising biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. Such blends are suitable for fabrication of opaque to transparent consumer-type and industrial-type plastic products. Once such products are discarded. the ambi' ent surrounding elements cause them to degrade.

Strictly speaking. biodegradable materials are those which. because of their chemical structure are susceptible to being assimilated by microorganisms such as molds. fungi. and bacteria. when buried in the ground or otherwise contacted with the organisms under conditions conducive to their growth. Accordingly. the term biodegradable". as used herein. is reserved for that type of degradability which is brought about by living organisms. usually microorganisms. On the other hand. the term environmentally degradable ethylene polymer(s)." as used herein. refers to ethylene polymers which by virtue of additives or other material therein are capable of being degraded by the surroundings or environmental elements such as sunlight. rain. moisture. wind. temperature. and the like. Microorganisms are not included within this latter definition.

The biodegradable thermoplastic polymers which are suitable in the practice of the invention are the normal ly-solid oxyalkanoyl polymers and the normally-solid dialkanoyl polymers. Such polymers possess a reduced viscosity value of at least about 0.1 and upwards to about l2. and higher. In various desirable embodiments biodegradable thermoplastic polymers which have a wide span of usefulness are those which possess a reduced viscosity value in the range of from about 0.2 tc about 8.

The normally-solid thermoplastic dialkanoyl polymers are further characteriied in that they contain at least about lU weight percent, desirably greater than about 20 weight percent. of the recurring linear dialkanoyl-containing unit of the formula:

wherein R represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical. desirably a C C alkylene and alkylidene. e.g.. methylene. ethylene. propylene. tetramethylcne. heptamethylene. octamethylene. decamethylene. cthylidene. propylidene. octylidene. etc. and wherein R represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical as described above or a divalent aliphatic oxahydrocarbon radical desirably of the formula -C ,-C alltylenetoxyC C, alkylene),,.

The normally-solid thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl poly mers. on the other hand. are characterized in that they contain at least about ll) weight percent. desirably greater than about 2U weight percent. of the oxyalkanoyl unit.

recurring therein. wherein is an integer having a value of 2.3, and 5-7 preferably 5.

The aforesaid recurring oxyalkanoyl unit or recurring dialkanoyl unit is interconnected through the oxy group (-0-) of one unit with a carbonyl group of a second unit. In other words. the interconnection of the owyalkanoyl units or the dialkanoyl units does not involve the direct bonding of two carbonyl groups In addition to the apropos recurring unit. the biodegradable thermoplastic polymer may comprise other moieties or groups therein especially those which intersperse or terminate the polymeric chain thereofas illustrated by the N R--l\ l l R, R,

group; the urethane group the (ill

-()CHCH R. R,

group; the

0 ll NH(HN group. the biuret group,

0 0 ll ll -NH(NCNH1 the divalent monoand polyaromatic rings including fused and bridged rings; lower alkyl substituted oxyalkanoyl groups; catalyst residue; the carbonate group.

ll oco and others. In the above illustrated groups. R desirably is hydrogen or methyl; y represents an integer which has a value of at least one. c.g.. from I to 4; and R has the aforesaid meaning.

As previously noted. the biodegradable thermoplastic polymers which are suitable in the practice of the invention are expressed in terms of their reduced viscosity values. As is well known in the art. reduced viscosity value is a measure or indication of the molecular weight of polymers. The expression reduced viscosity" is a value obtained by dividing the specific viscosity by the concentration of polymer in the solution. the concentration being measured in grams of polymer per 100 milliliters of solvent. The specific viscosity is obtained by dividing the difference between the viscosity of the solution and the viscosity of the solvent by the viscosity of the solvent. Unless otherwise noted. the reduced viscosity values herein referred to are measured at a concentration of 0.2 gram of polymer in 100 milliliters of benzene (benzene is preferred although cyclohexanone. chloroform. toluene or other common organic solvent for the polymer may be used) at 30C.

Though biodegradability of the normallysolid thermoplastic polymer. i.e.. thermoplastic dialkanoyl polymer or thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymer. is oftentimes manifest when at least about ltl weight percent of its weight is attributable to dialkanoyl units. especially diadipoyl units. or oxyalkanoyl units. especially oxycaproyl units. or mixtures thereof. it is desirable that the novel blends. and articles of manufacture therefrom. comprise thermoplastic polymer in which at least about 20 weight percent of the weight of such polymer is in the form of the aforesaid units. In specific aspects of the invention. it is preferred that such polymer contain at least about 5U weight percent. and preferably still at least about 70 weight percent. and upwards to about lUU weight percent of such units therein.

The thermoplastic dialkanoyl polymers can be prepared by known methods. A general procedure for the preparation of poly(alk vlene alkanedioate) glycols (or dicarboxy compounds) involves welLdocumcnted esterification techniques using predetermined amounts of an aliphatic diol and an alkanedioic acid. A molar excess of the diol results in dihydroxyl-terminated polymers whereas the use of a molar excess of the dicarboxylic acid gives dicarboxyl-terminated polymers ln genera] the alkylene alkanedioate polymers are suitably obtained under reaction conditions of the order of 250C. and higher. using low pressures. e.g.. less than one mm. of Hg Water of condensation is removed from the reaction zone by conventional equipment suitable for such purposes. Illustrative of the aliphatic glycols which can be employed are ethylene glycol. diethylene glycol. propylene glycol. dipropylene glycol. 1.4- butanediol. l.3-butylene glycol. l.5-pentanediol. l.bhexanediol. l.l octanediol. l.4-cyclohexanediol. l.l2- dodecanediol. and the like. Dcsirably. the aliphatic glycol contains from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Illustrative alkanedioic acid reactants include malonic acid. succinic acid. glutaric acid. adipic acid. pimelic acid. suberic acid. alelaic acid. sebacic acid. dodecanedioic acid. and the like. Desirably. the alkanedioic acid contains from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. Mixtures of the aforesaid aliphatic glycols and/or alkanedioic acids can he employed. In addition. the reaction mixture can comprise small amounts of hydroxyalkanoic acid. vicinal-epoxy compounds. cyclic ethers. cyclic carbonates. ctc.. e.g.. b-hydroxycaproic acid. ethylene oxide. tetrahydrofur-an. tetramethylene carbonate. and the like. as well as the glycol and diacid reactants. Higher molecular weight thermoplastic alkylene alkanedioate polymers can be prepared by following the teachings in the prior art. e.g.. note U.S. Pat. Nos. 2.423.823 and 2.071.250. The polyesterifieation reaction. as typified above. is effected under extremely low pressure. e.g.. less than about l0 mm. of Hg using equimolor quantities of diol and diacid.

The alkylene alkancdioate polymers which have number average molecular weights of. for example. less than about 25.000 can be characterized by hydroxyl end-groups or carboxyl end-groups. If desired. these polymers can be reacted with a diisocyanate. e.g.. L6 hexamethylene diisocyanate. 2.4- and/or 2.6-tolylene diisocyanate. bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane. bis(4- isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane. etc. to extend the polymeric chain thereof. or such hydroxyl-terminated polymers or carboxylterminated polymers as well as their polyurethane extension products can be reacted with so-called chain stoppers" such as a monocarboxylic acid or anhydridc. or a monohydric compound such as an alkanol.

The thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymers can be prepared by various methods. A general procedure involves reacting a large molar excess of the appropriate lactone. e.g.. cpsilon-caprolactone. zetaenantholactone. and/or eta-caprylolactone with an organic initiator which contains two active hydrogen groups. e.g.. hydroxyl. carboxyl. primary amino. secondary amino. and mixtures thereof. such groups being capable of opening the lactone ring whereby it adds as a linear chain (of recurring oxyalkanoyl units) to the site of the active hydrogencontaining group. at an elevated temperature. preferably in the presence of a cata lyst. and for a period of time sufficient to produce the desired polymers. By carefully controlling the purity and molar ratio of lactone reactant to organic initiator.

there can be produced initiated polytoxyalkanoyl) polymers whose number average molecular weight can range from several hundred to about l00.000. Organic initiators which can be employed include primary di amines. secondary diamines. mixed primary-secondary diamines. aminoalcohols. diols. diearboxylic acids. bydroxycarboxylic acids. aminocarboxylic acids. etc. Such organic initiators are voluminously illustrated in the literature. e.g.. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3.169.945 and 3.427.346. Catalysts which can be employed include. for instance. stannous octanoate. tetrabutyltitanate. di butyltin dilaurate. and the like. A temperature in the range of from about 150C to about 250C for periods ranging upwards to about 24 hours. and longer. are suitable.

'l'hermoplastic oxycaproyl polymers can also be prepared by reacting the cyclic ester. e.g.. epsilonca prolactone. and/or the corresponding hydroxyacid e.g.. b-hydroxycaproic acid. and/or their oligomers. with a mixture comprising diol and dicarboxylic acid. using a molar excess of diol with relation to the dicarboxylic acid. or alternatively. using a molar excess of dicarboxylic acid with relation to the diol. lt is highly desirable that free diol or free dicarboxylic acid not be present at the termination of the polyesterification reaction. The water of esteriftcation which results during the reaction can be removed via conventional techniques. The diols and dicarboxylic acids which are particularly suitable include those illustrated by the formulae HO-(-R' 04 H and HOOCRCOOH such as ethylene glycol. propylene glycol. diethylene glycol. dipropy lene glycol. 1.4-butanediol. 1.5-pentanediol. L6- hexanediol. l.l0-decanediol. l.4-cyclohexanediol. sue cinic acid. glutaric acid. adipic acid. pimelic acid. suberic acid. azelaic acid. sebacic acid. phthalic acid. and the like.

In the absence of added organic initiator. the thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymers can be prepared by poly merizing a lactone reactant. e.g.. betapropiolactone. delta-valerolactone. cpsilon-caprolactone. etc.. in the presence of anionic catalysts such as di-n-butylzine. trin-butylaluminum. diethylmagnesium. aluminum triisopropoxide n-butyllithium. dimethylcadmium. and the like. The reaction is desirably conducted at an elevated temperature. e.g.. l00C to 250C. for periods of time ranging from minutes to several hours. e.g.. from about 10 minutes to about 24 hours. The reaction mixture can comprise. in addition to the lactone reactant. minor quantities of other polymerizable cyclic monomers such as tetramethylene carbonate. methylepsilon-caprolactone. kcto-dioxane. etc. The number average molecular weight of the resulting polymeric products which are produced by this exemplified noninitiated method are. in general. quite high. For example. products which have number average molecular weights ranging from about 10.000 to several hundred thousands can be prepared. The patent literature. e.g.. US. Pat. Nos. 3.021.309 to 3.021.317. discusses in detail the preparation of these polymers.

Thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymers can also be prepared by polymerizing an admixture of C C,, lactone. a vicinal epoxy compound. e.g.. ethylene oxide. propylene oxide. butylene oxide. cyclohexene oxide. etc.. and an interfacial agent such as a solid. relatively high molecular weight poly(vinyl) stearate) or lauryl methacrylate/vinyl chloride copolymer (reduced viscosity in cyclohexanone of from about 0.3 to about 1.0). in the presence of an inert normally-liquid saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon vehicle such as heptane. using phospho rus pentafluoride as the catalyst therefor. and in the absence of an active hydrogen-containing organic initiator. at an elevated temperature. cg. about 80C. and for a period of time sufficient to produce such polymers.

Thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymers can also be prepared by reacting a molar excess of a lactone with a polyoxyalkylene diol which has a molecular weight ranging from about 400 to about 20.000 under conditions discussed supra with reference to the initiate-d poly(oxyalkanoyl) polymers. Illustrative of the poly oxyalkylene diols which are contemplated include the poly(oxyethylene) diols. the polytoxypropylene) diols. and the polytoxyethyleneoxypropylene) diols. The resulting polymers can be considered, in effect. to be ABA block polymers in which the A portions represent a polyoxyalkanoyl segment or block and in which the B portion represents a polyoxyalkylene segment or block. The number average molecular weight of these ABA block polymers can range upwards to 50.000. and higher. depending on the molecular weight of the polyoxyalkylene diol reactant and the molar ratio of the lactone reactant to polyoxyalkylene diol reactant employed and consumed in the process. By using mono cnd blocked polyalkylene diols such as the monoalkyl ether of polyoxyalkylene dial. the above discussed preparation results in polymers having an AB block configuration.

Thermoplastic oxyalkanoyl polymers which can be considered to be *gralt polymers can he prepared by the addition of -C lactone at the active hydrogen sites. e.g.. hydroxyl or amino. which are pendant along the polymeric chain of so-called vinyl polymers. Such vinyl polymers may. for example. be obtained by the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate. followed by subsequent saponification of the acetate groups to yield polymers which are characterized by a plurality of pendant hydroxyl groups along the polymeric chain thereof. A wide host ofethylenically unsat urated monomers can be employed to prepare the vinyl polymers and include. for example. Z-hydroxyethyl acrylate. Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. styrene. acrylonitrile. propylene. vinyl chloride. and the like. The choice of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers is such that the resulting polymer contains a plurality of pendant hydroxyl groups. or groups which can be converted to hydroxyl groups. The addition of the -C lactone at the active hydrogen site will produce graft" polymers of number average molecular weights upwards to approximately l00.000. and higher.

The oxyalkanoyl polymers which have number average molecular weights of. for example. less than 25.000 are characterized by functional end groups. For in stance. hydroxyl-terminated polymers can be prepared from a diol initiator and epsilon-caprolactone using molar ratios of lactone to initiator upwards to about I00: I. If desired. these polymers may be reacted with a diisocyanate. cg. Lfi-hexamethylene diisocyanate. 2.4- and/or lb-tolylene diisocyanate. bis (4- isocyanatophenyl )methane. bis( 4- isocyanatocyclohexyl )methane. etc.. to extend the polymeric chain. or such hydroxyl-terminated polymers as well as their polyurethane extension products can be reacted with so-called chain stoppers such as a monocarboxylic acid or anhydride.

(it l 'lhe environmentally degradable ethylene polymers which are suitable as a component in the novel blends comprise a mixture of a polyvalent transition metal salt and a normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymer. ln highly suitable embodiments of the invention it has been observed that the combination of both an autooxidative susceptible organic additive described hereinafter plus a polyvalent transition metal salt in said thermoplastic ethylene polymer yields an environmentally degradable ethylene polymer which will undergo weathering or environmental degradation at a greater rate than a similar ethylene polymeric composition which contains an equivalent or greater amount of only the auto-oxidative susceptible organic additive or only the polyvalent transition metal salt. An environmentally degradable ethylene polymer which contains an antioxidant as well as the aforesaid metal salt with- /without the aforesaid autooxidative additive in combination with the ethylene polymer per se represents a highly suitable component of the novel blend. The en vironmentally degradable ethylene polymers can also contain conventional additives including fillers. pigments. slip agents. antistats. antiblocks. antifogs. and other materials which are quite often added to conventional ethylene polymers in the practice of suitable embodiments of the invention the proportions of the major components. i.e.. biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. can be adjusted so that novel articles of manufacture having tailormade" characteristics can be fabricated therefrom. Such articles. during use and after use. are capable of undergoing varying degrees or levels of multifaceted crazing and cracking and biodegradability when ex posed to the environmental elements and to microorganisms. Photodegradation of such articles occurs at a significantly faster rate after exposure thereof to natural or artificial actinic light.

The normally-solic thermoplastic ethylene polymer per se represents the major component of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. The ethylene polymer can be an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer. or mixture of either or both. The ethylene polymers which are contemplated include those prepared via the polymerization of ethylene. alone. or in admixture with any ethylenically unsaturated monomer. cg. monomers having the group C=C which will copolymerize with ethylene to form normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene copolymers. illustrative of copolymerizable monomers include the alpha olefins such as propylene. l-butene. isobutene. l-pentene. and loctene; the halogenated olefins such as chloroprene. tetrafluoroethylenc. chlorotriiluoroethy lene. and hexafluoropropylene'. the vinyl benzenes and naphthalenes such as styrene. o-methoxystyrene. p-methoxystyrene. m-methoxystyrene. o-methylstyrene. o-phenylstyrene. 'inylnaphthalene. and the like; the vinyl and vinylidene halides such as vinyl chloride. vinyl fluoride. vinylidene chloride. vinylidene fluoride. vinylidene bromide. and the like; the vinyl esters such as vinyl formate. vinyl acetate. vinyl propionate. vinyl but rate. vinyl bemoate. and the like; the acrylic and alpha-alkyl acrylic acids. and the esters. amides and nitriles thereof. such as acrylic acid. chloroacrylic acid. methacrylic acid. methyl acrylate. ethyl acrylate. butyl acrylatc. n-octyl acrylate. Z-ethylhexyl acrylate. methyl methacrylate. butyl methacrylate. acrylamidc .Nmcthylacrylamide.

N.N-dimethylacrylamide. N.N-dimethylmethacrylamide. acrylonitrile. methacrylonitrile. and the like: the maleic and funiaric acids their anhydrides. and their alkyl esters such as maleic anhydride. dimethyl maleate. and the like. the vinyl alkyl others and ketones such as vinyl methyl ether. vinyl ethyl ether. vinyl isobutyl ether. methyl inyl ketone. ethyl vinyl ketone. and isobutyl vinyl ketone; dienes such as butadiene. isoprene. cyclopentadienc. hexadiene-Lb, norbornadiene. and dicyclopentadicne. vinylpyridine; N-vinylcarbazole; N- vinylpyrrolidinc. acrolein; vinyl alcohol; vinyl acetal; vinyl butyral'. and the like. Other monomers which may be interpolymeriyed with ethylene include. carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, but these are generally not preferred.

In general. the ethylene copolymers per se contain a major amount of ethylene units polymerized in the copolymer. Desirable the copolymer contains at least about 50 weight persent polymerized ethylene monomer. and preferably from about 80 to about )9 weight percent polymerized ethylene monomer. The remainder of the ethylene copolymers comprises other ethylenically unsaturated monomers polymerized therein.

Preferred normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymers include the high and low density polyethylenes; the ethylene/alkyl Z-alkenoate copolymers such as ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer. ethylene/ethyl methacrylate copolymer. etc.'. the ethylene/vinyl alkanoate copolymers such as ethyl/vinyl acetate; ethylene/propylene/ethylidenenorbornene copolymer; ethylenelstyrene copolymer; and the like.

The polyvalent transition metal salt contained in the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer can be an inorganic or organic salt of a polyvalent transition metal. The organic salts of a polyvalent transition metal are preferred. The organic salts of a polyvalent transi tion metal wherein said metals are those in which elec tron transfer occurs in the 3d sub-shell or the 4f subshell are most preferred. The transition metals referred to are as defined in the Periodic Chart at the terminal leaf page of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. The Chemical Rubber Co. 49th edition. [1968-69]. These metals represent those elements in the Fourth Period having atomic numbers of Zl to 30. in the Fifth Period having atomic numbers of 39 to 48. and in the Sixth Period having atomic numbers of 57 to 71. Among the specific transition metals wherein electron transfer occurs in the 3d sub-shell. one can mention by way of illustrations. Cr. Mn. Fe. (To. Ni. Cu. Zn. Zr. and Ag of the fourth and Fifth Periods; among the transition metals wherein electron transfer occurs in the 4f sub-shell are (c or Pr in the Sixth Period.

Illustrative inorganic and organic polyvalent transi tion metal salts include iron chloride. zinc chloride. mercurous chloride. chromium trichloridc. copper ni trate. copper sulfate. cobalt chloride. nickel sulfate. iron sulfate. iron bromide. zinc sulfate. mercuric sulfate. cobalt acetate. cobalt octoatc. cobalt naphthenate, iron naphthenate. iron octoate. lead stearatc. lead octoatc. /irconium stearate. cesium octoatc. manga nous stearate. manganous oleate. manganous dodecylacctotacetatc. cobalt acetylacetonate. cobal tous acetate. cobaltous oleate. cobaltous stearate. cu pric stearate, cupric oleate. ferric acetate. inc octoate. zinc naphthenatc. ferrous distearate. potassium permanganate. potassium triosalatoctibaltate llll). trisethylencdiaminecobalt tlll) chloride. sodium hexanitrocobaltate tlll potassium hexaeyanocobaltate (Ill and the like.

Desirably the polyvalent transition metal salt is a metal octanoatc. metal naphthenate. metal acetate. metal stearate. or metal acetylacetonate. Mixtures of metal salts can. of course. be employed. It has been found that certain combinations of polyvalent transi tion metal salts promote degradation more so than the equivalent amount of any one salt of the combination. This is particularly noticeable with mixtures of iron and cobalt salts.

in desirable embodiments. the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer can include an autooxidative susceptible organic additive which can be either a polymer wherein the predominance of the units have. or a low molecular weight organic compound that has. at least one hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom having an autooxidative susceptibility greater than that of a hydrogen bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom. Thus. polypropylene which has hydrogen atoms bonded to tertiary carbon atoms that are more readily oxidirahle than the hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the normal secondary carbon atoms of. for example.

carbon wherein R is an alkyl group, Illustrative of such alpha olefin polymers are polypropylene. poly(butene-l poly(pentene l poly(4-methylpentene-l J. polythexene-l poly(o.ctene-l polytoctadecened l. and the like. Other suitable autocxidative susceptible additives include the ethylene oxide homopolymers. the propy lene oxide hornopolymers. as well as the copolymers of ethylene oxide. of propylene oxide. and the like.

Among the suitable auto-oxidative susceptible additives which are of relatively low molecular weight include those which do not exceed about 5.000 in average molecular weight. For example. derivatives of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic compounds containing one or more allylic hy drogens such as ocimene. limonene (dipentene). cyclohexadiene. cicyclopentadiene. decahy dronaphthalcnc. indcne. tetrahydroindene. and the like; the unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid. linoleic acid. Oleic acid. crotonie and sorbic acid. as well as adducts of these and other unsaturated aliphatic and alicyclic compounds with such as nialeic acid. acrylic acid. acrolein. and the like; compounds with highly reactive benzylic hydrogcns such as cumene. para-isopropylbenzoic acid. and the like.

The preferred auto oxidative susceptible organic ad ditive is polypropylene. atactic or isotactic. crystalline or amorphous. Environmentally degradable ethylene polymers containing polypropylene as the autooxidative additive are desirable since such polymers tend to undergo high levels of crazing.

Antioxidants have been found to be useful in stabilizing the environmentally degradable ethylene polymers. Such "stabilized" polymers are highly desirable as the environmentally degradable component in the novel blends especially when the useful life period, i.e.. the period prior to embrittlemcnt and crazing. of such blends and articles therefrom is known. Thus. armed with this knowledge one can prepare novel blends and novel articles therefrom which are stable during the known useful life period simply by formulating such blends with an environmentally degradable ethylene polymer which has predetermined amounts of antioxidants and other additives therein. Upon exposure to the elements novel articles of manufacture from said blends are capable of undergoing embrittlement within a given period of time.

Illustrative antioxidants include the sterically hindered phenols, the arylamines. the thioureas. the thiocarbamates. the thioether esters. and the phosphites or mixtures or adducts thereof. Specific examples are tetrakisl methylene3-( 3 .5 '-ditert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl )propionate lmethane. stearyl 3-( 3 '.5'-di-tertbu.tyl 4'hydroxyphenyl)propionate. distearyl 3.5 ditert-buty l-4-hydroxyben2yl phosphite. l.l .3-tris( 5 tert-butyl 4 '-hydroxy-2 '-methylphenyl )butane. 4 methyl-l .6-di( 2'-hydroxy-3 '-tert-butyl-5' methylbenzyl )phenol. Z.4-di( 3'-5 di-tert-butyl-4'- hydroxyphenoxy )triazine. 2.2 '-thiobis( 4 '-methy Lbtert-butylphenol 4.4-thiobis( lmethyl-(vtertbutylphcnol 3 .5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. 2.h-di-tert-butylp-cresol. N-phenylbetanaphthylamine. N.N'-diphenyl-pphenylenediamine. 2 cthylhexyldiphenylamine. N.N'- di-betanaphthyLp-phenylenediamine. N.N'-di-( 2- octylJ-p-phenylenediamine. N.N'-di3(S-methylpheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine. 4.4'-dioctyldiphenylamine. 4-octylidiphenylamine. 4-t-butoxydiphenylamine. trimethylthiourca. l.3-diethylthiourea. ethylene thiourea. sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate. dilauryl thiodi propionate. distearyl thiodipropionate. the mono-. diand tri-nonylphenyl phosphites. and the like.

Other suitable antioxidants include dibutyl-paracresol; p-cresol-formaldehyde resins; paratertiaryalkylphenol formaldehyde resins in admixture with amino dithioformates; aliphatic polyepoxides. paratertiary alkylphenol formaldehyde resins in admixture with mercapto compounds; carboxylic acids such as succinic acid. and the like; substituted oxamides such as oxanalide and the like; amino acids such as glycine and the like; aminopolycarboxylic acids such as ethylcnediaminetetraacetic acid. diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. hydroxyethylethylenediaminctriacetic acid. nitrilotriacetie acid. hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid. diaminocyclohex anetetraacetic acid. diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid; pentaerythritol'. sorbitol; resorcinol; and the like.

The concentration of the components comprising the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer can vary over a wide range. The ethylene polymer per se. e.g.. polyethylene. constitutes the major component and is normally present at a concentration of from at least about 70 percent by weight. the remainder being the other additives thereof. Preferably the ethylene polymer per se is present at a concentration of from about 90 to about 99 weight percent. based on the weight of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. The polyvalent transition metal salts are normally present in amounts from about 0.002 to about 2.0 weight percent of metal atom. based on the weight of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. Desirably, the metal is present in amounts of from about 0.005 to about 1 .0 and preferably in amounts of from about 0.01 to about 0.] weight percent. The auto-oxidative susceptible additives. if employed. are normally present at concentrations of from about 0.01 to about 40 weight percent. based on the weight of the environmentally degradable polymer. Desirably the auto-oxidative susceptible additive is present in amounts of from 005 to about 20 percent and preferably in amounts of from 0. l to about l0 percent by weight. Desirably an antioxidant is employed in quantities sufficient to stabilize the novel articles of manufacture against oxidative degradation during fabrication of the same and during their useful life period. In general. the amount of antioxidant can range from about 00025 to about I weight percent. and higher. preferably from about 0.025 to about 0.1 weight percent. based on the weight of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer.

The selected weight percentage of components. e.g.. polyvalent transition metal salt and optionally antioxidant and/or auto-oxidative susceptible additive. etc.. combined in the ethylene polymer per se can vary. as noted above. over a wide range. The optimum composition of all the components which form what we have termed throughout this specification as environmentally degradable ethylene polymer will depend. to a significant extent. on the desired rate of environmental degradation. molecular weight of the various components. relative activity of the various components, the nature of the novel article of manufacture and the contemplated useful life span. and the like.

The environmentally degradable ethylene polymers can be compounded according to any one of several known techniques such as direct addition of all the components. master batching wherein any single master batch may contain several components but will not contain both the polyvalent transition metal compound and the auto-oxidative susceptible organic additive. or any other compounding procedure.

The production of environmentally degradable ethylene polymers by direct addition of all components and blending until a single homogeneous mixture is obtained are well known techniques. The master batching involves the preparation of two or more packages" or compositions which are subsequently combined into a single homogeneous mixture. In the master batching procedure. the polyvalent transition metal compound and the auto-oxidative susceptible additive are initially present in separate master batch compositions. These separate master batch compositions are then combined or blended in proper proportions to produce the environmentally degradable ethylene polymers.

Broadly. the novel blends of the invention comprise from about 5 to about 95 weight percent ofbiodegradable thermoplastic polymer and from about 95 to about 5 weight percent of environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based on the total weight of the blend. ln various desirable embodiments the novel blends com prise from about It) to 90 weight percent. suitably from 25 to about weight percent. of biodegradable thermoplastic polymer; and from about H) to about 9t weight percent. suitably from about 25 to about 75 weight percent. of environmentally degradable ethylene polymer; based on the total weight of the blend.

In addition to the biodegradable thermoplastic polymer and the environmentally degradable ethylene poly mer. the novel blends can comprise other ingredients therein such as various plastic additives. c.g.. the polyimides. the polyurcas. the polyurethanes. the polyureides. the polyanhydrides. the polyethers. the polylactams. the poly-carbonates. the nitrile rubber gum stocks. the poly'butadienc rubber gumstocks. the styrene/butadiene rubber gumstocks. the phenolic resins. the epoxy resins. the melamine resins. the aminoplasts. and the like; fibrous and non-fibrous tillers. cg. kaolin. bentonite. iron oxide. clay. carbon black. lamp black. silica. titanium dioxide. asbestos. vermiculite. metallic powders. calcium carbonate. calcium sulfate. pow dered glass. mica. and the like; naturally occurring biodegradable products. e.g.. sugar cane residue. sugar beet residue. peat moss. sawdust. hemp. sisal. linen. corn starch. cotton. rice hulls. wheat bran. soybean meal. potato starch. corn syrup. rice llour. gelatin. barley flour. rye flour. granulated sugar. wheat flour. wood chips. brewers yeast. vegetable gum. egg albumin. cardboard. disintegrated or shredded tree bark. and the like; plasticizers; dyes; plant nutrients; fertilizer; insecticides; pesticides; herbicides; and the like. The aboveillustrated ingredients can comprise a minor portion of the weight ofthe novel blend. c.g.. such ingredients can comprise up to about 50 weight percent of the novel blend.

Suitable equipment for lluxing the novel blends include Banbury mixers. screw cxtruders. two-roll or multi roll mills. ribbon or paddle blendors. calenders. and the like. The time of blending or fluxing is not narrowly critical. The blending time should be sufficient to obtain a substantially uniform mixture.

In various aspects of the invention the novel blends are useful in the preparation of novel degradable articlcs of manufacture such as mulch film. disposable containers. shipping containers. storage containers. packaging material. transplanter containers. and the like. Well-known techniques in the art can be used to fabricate these novel articles and they include. for instance. compression molding. injection molding. transfer molding. extrusion. vacuum forming. blow molding. calendering. rotational molding. coating. dipping. and the like.

Novel articles of manufacture which have tailor' made" or built-in properties or characteristics can be fabricated from the novel blends. For example. transplanter containers and mulch film fabricated from mixtures comprising environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. biodegradable thermoplastic polymer. and watensoluble polymer. e.g.. waxlike and solid atersolublc ethylene oxide homopolymers and copolymers. have the ability to undergo relatively slow dissolution or leaching in an aqueous or humid surrounding to thus provide a more favorable environment for growth of fungi. Preliminary irradiation of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer component. or ofthe novel blend. will measurably enhance the rate of environmental degradation. Normally a level of ioni7ing radiation used to accelerate degradation can be from about 1 to about It) megarcps MGRPS). (ireater or lesser dosages of radiation may be employed depending upon the particular desired rate of degrada tion. Such sources include the \an dc (iraafl accclcra tor. cobalt so. and the like. Other suitable modes ol irmdiation are. by way of evamplc. ultra-violet lamp.

(ill

sunlamp. swirLfiow plasma arc. mercury lamp. and the like. Any known radiation source can be used.

In the practice of various embodiments of the invention it is desirable that the novel articles of manufacture possess mechanical properties and characteristics which are suitable for the application contemplated. For instance. if the novel articles are to be used in mechanical transplantation methods or as shipping containers. c.g.. boxes. crates. etc.. it is highly desirable that such articles have sufficient strength properties to withstand breakdown or failure during use. By way of illustration. one can use. if desired. transplanter containcrs which are characterized by a modulus range of from about l().tl(l(l psi. and lower to about one million psi (as determined by ASTM Method D638 On the other hand. containers characterized by a much lower modulus can be tolerated in hand planting techniques. cg. at least about 300 psi. It is to be understood that the aforementioned values are merely illustrative and that higher and lower values are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.

One aspect of the invention is directed to novel transplanter containers. fabricated from the novel blends. and optionally. a germination medium in said containers with/without a seed or seedling in such medium. The container can be of any si7e and shape capable of having utility in horticultural. silvicultural. and agricultural applications. It can be in the form of a flower pot. cone. bullet. tube. cylinder. tray. etc. It should be capa ble of holding the germination medium therein. In this connection additional support or reinforcement matc rial can be used. For instance. a container shaped in the form of a hollowed tube. opened at both extremities. may not be suitable in holding the germination medium in its interior. This drawback can be ovcrcomed by stoppcring one end of such tube with suitable plugging means. if necessary. The germination medium can be any mixture suitable for growing plant life such as farm products. flowers. shrubs. trees. grass. etc. The germination medium can be formed from synthetic materials. substances found in nature. or mixtures of both. A desirable germination medium comprises soil formed from disintegrated and decomposed rocks and minerals generally mixed with organic matter in various stages of decay. and having substantial porosity or pore space. The pore space will vary with the texture of the soil. The soil may comprise silt. sand. clay. stone. gravel. minerals. organic matter. etc. Conditioners and stabilizers can be added to or contained in soil and they include. for example. gypsum. calcium chloride. lirne stone. vermiculite. iron sulfate. water-soluble high mo lecular weight polymeric electrolytes. and others. Nutrients can be added to the soil to aid plant growth and to supplement the plant-food content thereof. The more important ones include the compounds of nitro gen. phosphorous. and potassium. Trace elements such as magnesium. iron. Zinc. copper. etc.. have been shown to be beneficial to plant growth and can be added to the soil. Various types of fertilivers provide useful nutrients. They can range from inorganic cornpounds as illustrated by ammonium nitrate types to organic compounds such as the long lasting urea forms which release the nitrogen slowlyv Any type of seed or seedling capable of growing in soil is contemplated. Of special interest are tree seeds and seedlings as illustrated by the deciduous and conifcrous types such as oak. ash. maple. elm. Douglas Fir.

pine spruce, eedar. ctc.. shrub seedlings as illustrated by ornamental or evergreen types such as taxus. holly. juniper. etc.; plants and flowers of the various well known varieties; and the like.

By the terms biodegradable" and biodegradability. as used herein. are meant that the novel blends and articles therefrom are capable of being consumed by microorganisms as. for example. bacteria or fungi. in an environment suitable to the growth of microorganisms such that there results a weight loss of at least approximately weight percent in the biodegradable thermoplastic polymer component in such blend or article within a period of about four years. and generally within about two years. The degree and rate of biodegradability depend. to a significant extent. on the weight percent content of the oxyalkanoyl and/or dialkanoyl units colitained in the thermoplastic biodegradable polymer.

in the following illustrative examples the processing and analytical methods used for preparation of the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer samples are as described immediately hercinbelow. Two com pounding methods were employed. The first and primary method of sample compounding is by employing the two roll mill (hereinafter called roll mill method). The second method employed a Banbury mixer (hereinafter called mixer method).

A (i X l2 inches two-roll mill with heat supplied by full steam at 190C. and heated for at least l5 minutes is used. With the bite as close as possible the ethylene polymer per se is added and then during a period of about 1 minute the bite is opened after the ethylene polymer per se has begun to flux. The polypropylene or other autooxidative susceptible agent is added (if applicable). Antioxidant and other filler (if applicable) are then added. The polyvalent transition metal salt is then slowly added in about seconds. The material is worked for 2 minutes until homogeneous. then pulled offthe rolls and cut into squares about 2 inch by 2 inch. It is recognized that any ofthe other conventional additives usually present such as pigment. slip agents. anti block agents. etc.. cab be present, if desired. Unless otherwise stated this method was used in the examples.

In the mixer method. a 5 lb. Banbury mixer was employed with full steam on the shell and rotors for 5 minutes to achieve 190C. The ethylene polymer per se and autooxidative susceptible agent. if applicable, were added. The ram was moved downward at the full pressure of 80 psi and the Banbury operated at maximum forward speed for 3 minutes or until the materials are fluxed. The antioxidant and filler (if applicable). and polyvalent transition metal salt were added with the ram backed down to 10 psi and the Banbury at its slowest forward speed for one minute. The ram pressure was then readjusted to 80 psi and the Banbury was then operated at full forward speed for 2 minutes. Cooling water was then supplied to the shell and rotors and the mixer was operated at its slowest forward speed for one minute. Thereafter the compounded polymer was discharged. sheeted and diced.

After compounding by either the mixer or roll mill method the environmentally degradable ethylene polymer samples were compression molded by the follow ing method. A mold lined with Mylar sheet was charged with environmentally degradable ethylene polymer. It was placed between preheated (lJU C) plattens and low pressure 1 ton on b in. rain) was applied for four (ill minutes followed by full pressure (32 tons on (w in. ram! for two minutes. The plattens were then water cooled and the sample was recovered.

Weathering tests were conducted by placing a plural ity of identical specimens from the same molded sheet in an Atlas XW Weatherometer that uses a carbon arc radiation source with Corex D filters to simulate solar light spectral distribution. The sample was maintained at a blackbody radiation temperature of 140C. over a 4 hour period. which included an 18 minute period of water spray. Water was permitted to accumulate at the bottom of the chamber to provide a humidified condition. The exposed samples are removed from the Weatherometer after certain periods of time and examined for embrittlement. 7r elongation. and FMlR. The period in hours that has transpired is recorded when the sample fails the test. Normally the samples are rated at the end of 20, 60. I00. 150. 200. 250. 350. 500, 750 and l.000 hours of exposure. The specimen from the previous rating period is removed permanently from the Weatherometer at the end of the 60. I50. 250. 500 and l.000 hours periods for complete evaluation. By this is meant that at the 20 hour period the first specimen is removed. rated and returned. at the 60 hour period it is permanently removed. rated and tested; at the 100 hour period the second specimen is removed. rated and returned; at the l hour period it is permanently removed. rated and tested. This pro cedure is continued in the time pairs until all of the specimens have been consumed and permanently removed. On occasion additional specimens were pcrma nently removed. rated and tested at the 20 or 100 hour periods.

The permanently removed weathered samples were examined by surface reflectance infrared spectroscopy. known in the art as frustrated multiple internal reflection (FMIR). to examine buildup of the surface carbonyl layer due to weathering exposure. A Wilks Model-9D FMIR attachment on a Perkin-Elmer Model 21 infrared spectrophotometer was used to make the ratio measurements. hereinafter referred to also as R. A measure of the surface carbonyl buildup relative to methylene is calculated by the equation R A5.- 8/A7.3; i.e.. the ahsorbance of the carbonyl peak at 5.8 microns to the absorbance of the methylene peak at 7.3 microns. This is usually performed on a specimen that has not been exposed and on specimens after and 150 hours exposure; on occasion specimens were ana lyzed after exposures of 20 hours. 40 hours. hours or hours. The ratio R rarely exceeds l.0 for weathered conventional polyethylene (which is still flexible l. Embrittled polyethylene will have R values exceeding 1.0. An R value of l.7 may be correlated with the onset ofcmbrittlement. R values of I}! to 2.2 are characteristic of a fully developed surface carbonyl later. R values above 2.5 are due principally to diminishing of the methylene peak. rather than to an increase in surface carbonyl level. The impact of a fully developed surface carbonyl layer is recognized to he that l oxidation of the hull; of the specimen is proceeding and (2 fracture prone sites exist on the specimen surface. (racks initiated in the oxidi/cd surface layer propagate through the less oxidized material in the interior of the polymer resulting in deterioration thereof.

were measured D88Z67 (Method Al procedure using an lnstron Terr sile Tester after (l. (at). 151). 150 and 500 hours expo sure. and occasionally after hours or ltltl hours of exposure. In this modification a 1 inch specimen is used and stretched at a rate of (1.1 inch per minute to a I'll stretch to obtain the modulus; the same specimen is then stretched at a rate of 2 inches per minute to obtain the stress'strain curve. Elongation deterioration corre lates with the embrittlenient observed in the aforesaid Atlas XW Weatherometer ratings. Normally an ultimate elongation value less than Sill is slightly brittle and a value below ZUJ l is brittle.

it was observed that as weathering exposure pro ceeds. surface cracking appeared. The cracks occur in environmentally degradable polyethylene compositions generally after the onset of embrittlement. usually between l5l) to f) hours ofexposure. Through the optical microscope. the crack patterns which appeared on the surface of severely oxidi7ed samples were clearly visible. The cross section fracture surfaces of brittle specimens were observed through the optical microscope and at magnifications of 46 X to 300 X it was pos sible to determine which areas ofthe cross section were brittle. Scanning electron micrographs of the weathered specimen at a magnification of Still show that the cracks were formed by brittle failure resulting in \ery sharp clean cuts. Primary cracks are normal to the surface and are believed to be influenced by the internal stress distribution in the specimen. and will be parallel to the surface if the stress distribution in the speci men is uniform. Secondary cracks join the primay cracks, are essshaped. and slant inward at an angle less than 90 to the surface. Tertiary cracks join primary and secondary ones and also are ess-shaped and like wise slant inwardly. This produces a network of cracks in which the spacing between the cracks progressively becomes smaller and results in particles on the order of 350 microns in width which can readily peel off or slough off due to the slant faults similar to that mech' anism obsery ed in exfoliating rocks.

The stability of the samples prior to weathering was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). A du Pont 900 Thermal Analyzer with DSC module attachment and an external strip chart recorder were used for the isothermal DSC induction time stud ies. By measuring the length of time at 180C. or 2UUC required for the heat of oxidation to be evolved. the stability of the specimen can be determined At 200C. welLstabilized commercial polyethylene has a 3 to 6 minute induction time. All induction times are given in minutes unless otherwise specified.

The DSC induction time measurements were made as follows: Test batches of environmentally degradable ethylene polymers were prepared on a two roll mill on which were blended ltlt) gram batches ofethylene polymer per se and additives. Minimum fluxing tempera tures were used to avoid premature oxidation effects. The fluxed mixtures were then pressed into plaques about It) X It) inches with a thickness of It) mils on a heated hydraulic press. Circular specimens 0.20 inch in diameter were cut from the It) mils plaques and then placed in aluminum sample holders of the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) cell. In each case the sample holder plus sample were then placed on the raised sample position while an empty aluminum sample holder was placed on the raised reference position. Nitrogen was passed through the assembled DSC cell Ill fit]

at a gas flow rate of Sill) ml.. min blanketing the sample and reference cells with an inert atmosphere. The sample and reference cells were then heated at a pro grammed rate of C. per minute to a preselected isothermal temperature. \Vhen equilibrium temperature was obtained, an accurate millivolt recorder twith a l inch per minute linear chart speed and a t) to 15 milli volts chart span! began to record the amplified differ ential thermocouple signal from the DSC cell. After one inch of chart travel the nitrogen flow was rapidly stopped and air was passed through the DSC cell. also at a flow rate of Silt) ml per minute. The sharp inflection in the exothermic direction of the recorded curve indicated the end of the induction period. Since the induction time is that period of time during which there is no exotherm or thermal oxidative degradation. it is a measure of the effectiveness of thermal stabilizing additives which have been compounded with the ethylene polymers. A direct comparison between controls and the environmentally degradable ethylene polymers is therefore provided by this induction time measurement.

l nless indicated to the contrary. all percentsf are by weight. Also. numerical references as in a copoly mer of 67 ethylene/33 vinyl acetate refers to 17 parts by weight of ethylene and 33 parts by weight of vinyl acetate chemically combined therein.

EXAMPI .F. l

Samples comprised of ti) low density polyethylene LDPF. (0.922 density l. ii) polypropylene PP (98"? isotactic) as a polymeric auto-oxidative susceptible additive in amounts of tlil (Control A). Ill). (1.3%. 2' 5%. lUJi. Ill) 30. and (iii! lllll' l of cobalt metal (Co) as a cobalt naphthenate solution in mineral spirits were prepared in the aforedescribed manner. A control (Control B) sample consisting of LDPF and the same amount of mineral spirits as was added above as solution. and a second control lControl C) sample consisting of LDPF. and H19? polypropylene were also prepared. The aforesaid samples were fabricated into 2U mil plaques and weathered according to the aforementioned procedure.

The exposure time required for embrittlement. here inafter also referred to as "Fmbr.. to occur is listed in Table 1. Parts A and B. as well as the time required for the surface carbonyl level to exceed 1.7. hereinafter also referred to as FMTR R l.7 and the ultimate elongation to fall below 20%. hereinafter also referred to as Ztll ELONU." The effect of the added polypropylene in Control C in promoting embrittlement is to reduce the exposure time required for embrittlement to occur as compared to Control B without polypropylene. The effect of the cobalt metal salt in Control A is to reduce the exposure time required for embrittlement over that necessary in Controls B or C without cobalt. The compositions comprising LDPE. PP. and cobalt naphthenate promotes embrittlement at a much faster rate than is observed for any of the controls. This embrittlement effect is also polypropylene concentration dependent. that is. the exposure time required for embrittlement to occur decreases as the polypropylene concentration increases. In all instances embrittlernent of the aforesaid compositions proceeded faster than in Controls A. B or C.

Samples identical in every way with the above. but irradiated with a 5 megarep dose prior to w cathering.

and

lemonstrated reduced exposure times for embrittlenent to occur as the polypropylene concentration in- :reased and required less exposure time to embrittle ban the equivalent unirradiated samples; note Table I. art A thereof. at polypropylene concentrations of 1% 1nd higher. The exposure times for the irradiated sam )Ies are listed in Table I. Part B thereof. Other pertitent data are recorded in Table I below.

sit polyethylene base resin. 6.48)? polypropylene as the auto-oxidative susceptible additive. and 0.10)? cobalt metal from each of the same cobalt salts were prepared. The exposure times required for the above phenomena to occur are listed in Part B of'lable III below. All of the cobalt salt forms were active and promoted accelerated embrittlement in 100 hours exposure or less. The salts dispersed in mineral spirits show cn- TABLE I Exposure Times Required: Hours Samples. "/1 by Weight Part A Part B FMIR FMIR LDPF. PP Co Embr. R L7 4 20V, ELONG. Embr. R 1.7 209i ELONG.

70 0. I0 60 60-l 10 10 I 50 0-10 10 0. [0 10-60 60-l 50 10 10 60- l 50 0-10 I0 0. I0 60 60 60 10 10 0-10 5 0. I0 I00 60 I00 60-l 00 10-60 60 98 1 0. I0 I 50 60 I 50 I00-I 50 10-60 I00 996 0.3 0. I0 I 50-250 60 I 50 I 50-150 10-60 I00 99.8 0. I 0. I0 I 50 60-l 50 I 50 60-150 60-]00 60 I 00* 0 0. I0 150 60 I50 150 10-60 I50 I00* 0 0 I000 I 50 500 I000 I50 500 90* l0 0 750 7500 500 500 500 500 Control A (ontrol B. contains an amount of mineral spirits equal to that present in all other samples.

Control C EXAMPLE 1 Example I was repeated using cobalt octoate. in place of the cobalt naphthenate. at several varying concentrations. In all instances. the compositions contained 1 weight /r polypropylene. The results are reported in Table II below. Parts A and B thereof.

hanced activity in the 6.48% polypropylene compositions. All of the octoate. naphthcnate, or mixed branched C and C acid salts of cobalt show comparable effectiveness in causing accelerated embrittlement in combination with polypropylene in the preferred range of I to 6.5V: in low density polyethylene.

TABLE II Exposure Times Required; Hours Ethylene Polymer PART A PART B Composition "/1 FMIR FMIR LDPE C0 Emhr. R [.7 207r ELONG. Embr. R I.7 10% ELONG.

96 1 100-150 I 50 200-250 I50 I 50-150 97 I 100 I50 I 50-150 I50-100 I50 I50-250 J8 0.]0 [00-150 I00-I50 I50 I00-I50 60 I50 98 0.075 I00-I 50 l00-I50 I50 I00-I50 60 I50 93 0050 I50 [00-150 I 50 (IO-I00 60 I 50 98 0.015 l00-I50 I50 I50 IOU-I50 I50 I50 98 0.0 I 0 I50 I 50-100 I 50-150 I00 60 60-l50 EXAMPLE 3 TABLE III Compositions containing 98.8% of a 0.911 density 5 PART A LDPE. l.l(w/( polypropylene as the auto-oxidative sus- Exposure Times Required. Hours ceptible additive (9871 isotactic), and 0.05% of cobalt g h Fm 2 my H ONT l -II 'r I I. metal as the following salts: l) solid cobalt acetate. (1) cobalt octoate solution in mineral spirits, 3) cobalt Acetate Inn 1 -15o |5u t imam it tooso naphthenate solution in mineral spirits. and (4) the co- 55 g zi a 1; 1:, balt salts of a mixture of branched C, and C acids in snow tin-11m I00 Hill-I51) mineral spirits. known as cobalt Nuxtra. These compositions were fabricated into 10 mil plaques and weath- Iypnsure Time Required. Hour cred according to the aforementioned procedures. The FMIR t i t 1 l exposure times required for embrtttlement to occur. R I surface carbonyl level to exceed l.7 and ultimate elon- H gation to drop below 10' are listed in Part A of Table in l I All I' th b It It rm r- 'l 'ti\ will 3L U. U L LU tI 5d llt L L t. k. I. L \u\" in (U nu promoted accelerated embrittlentent in Zlll) hours c\ posure or less. I'he salts dispersed in mineral spirit shun enhanced acti\it \\ith the naphthtnate being the 1 x\1m 4 most .tctne form in the l lo) polypropdeue composillt ll A first tomposition .ontainnn; 15% ol .1 0 01$ den- Ilhyltne pwlynici compoun all ntn l t lltc stt'. I I) PI. 5 lypio wlcnt as Illlt outlatnv sustl ow Ill euwry it. on LI llldliilll 0 "I. 2 cc h lc .cptible IIl \IlI|\\' i h'r tsotacttc I. and a muturc in ltllll eral spirits of 0.05% cobalt metal as cobalt octoate and 0.05% iron metal as iron octoate. and a second composition containing 98% of a 0.928 density LDPF. 2% polypropylene (989i isotactic). and a mixture in mineral spirits of 0.0259? cobalt octoatc and 0.025% iron octoate. were prepared. Both of these compositions contained 0059? antioxidant. J5? crucamide slip agent. and 0.15% silica anti-block agent. The compositions were pressed into 20 mils plaques. extruded into 20 mils sheet. and extruded into 2 mils film. all of which were weathered by the aforementioned procedure. After weathering for 60 hours. the surface carbonyl level of samples of both compositions fabricated as 20 mils plaques rose sharply. At 100 hours. a surface carbonyl level of 2.l was achieved in samples of both compositions. Embrittlement was achieved by 100 hours exposure and the ultimate elongation dropped below ltll after 60 hours of weathering for samples of the first composition and after 100 hours of weathering for samples of the second composition.

The samples fabricated as extruded sheet were examined after weathering in 20 hours exposure intervals. The surface carbonyl level of both samples rose sharply in the interval between 40 and 60 hours of exposure. rising more rapidly for the first sample. The ultimate elongation dropped below 20% for the first composition after hours exposure and for the second composition after 80 hours exposure. Embrittlement occurred after 80 hours exposure for the first composition and after I00 hours exposure for the second composition. and showed signs of splitting in the first composition after 500 hours exposure.

The samples fabricated as film developed a surface carbonyl level greater than 1.7 more slowly than did the other aforementioned specimens. This surface carbonyl level was obtained in the first composition after I00 hours exposure. and in the second composition after l50 hours ofcxposure. Embrittlement occurred in the film after (10 hours for the first composition and after I00 hours for the second composition. After 500 hours exposure both tilm samples had disintegrated and both sheet samples showed signs of failure and splitting along the surface cracks.

EXAMPLE 5 A composition containing 98% of a 0.922 density polyethylene (LDPE). 2' polypropylene (98% isotactic) as auto-osidative susceptible additive. and 0.0759; cobalt metal as a cobalt octoate solution in mineral spirits was prepared according to the procedure aforedescribed. Another composition as above was prepared additionally including a stabilizer system consisting of 0.05% Topanol CA."' and 0.15)? dilauryl thiodipropionate. Control specimens l containing 2'7! polypropylene in the aforesaid LDPE and (2) neat LDPE. were also prepared. All of the aforementioned compositions were pressed into mils plaques and weathered by the aforementioned procedures. All of the aforementioned compositions were pressed into 10 mil plaques for isothermal DSC induction time analyses at 180C. accord ing to the procedure as aforcdescribed. The stabilized composition had an induction period of l4.l minutes at 180C. while the unstabilized composition had a 0.25 minute induction time at I80C The controls had in duction times at 180C. of 0.40 and 016 minute re spectively.

fill

The above compositions and controls were repeated. but irradiated with 5 megareps prior to testing. The iso thermal DSC induction time for the irradiated stabilized composition was 4.4 minutes. the induction time for the irradiated unstabilized composition was 015 minute. and the induction times for the irradiated controls were 0.20 and 0.05 minute respectively.

Addition of the stabilizers in the combination of polyethylene. polypropylene. and cobalt salt was observed to provide stabilization against embrittlement in the highly active systems. which normally undergo oxidative embrittlement in either the presence or absence of weathering without the stabilizers. Subsequent irradiation of the compositions was observed to reduce the effectiveness of the stabilizers. After irradiation. the compositions embrittled either in the presence or absence of weathering by the procedure described.

EXAM PLES 6-29 In Examples 6-29 infra. samples of commercially available high molecular weight polymers were pressed or molded into plaques from which test specimens were cut. These specimens were tested for degradation by fungi using ASTM Dl92-l-63"'. This procedure requires the placement of test specimens in or on a solid agar growth medium that is deficient only in carbon. The medium and specimens are inoculated with the test microorganisms and incubated for three weeks. Any growth which may occur is dependent on the utilization of a component of the specimen as a carbon source b the test organism. The test fungi consisted of a mixture of Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus flavus. Chaetomium globosum. and Penicillium funiculosum. Since possible complication that growth may occur as a result of the presence of additives in the polymeric specimen. it was necessary that the polymeric specimen tested be free from stabilizers. plasticizers. lubricants. and other extraneous organic substances. or that the presence of such additives be recognized. If a pure polymeric specimen showed heavy growth and concurrent loss of weight and mechanical properties this was considered good evidence of its biodegradability.

(ll ASfMD-l)2-l. Recommended practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi. Ann. Book of ASTM Standards. W70. Part 24. page 593 After various exposure times up to three weeks. and longer. the samples were examined and assigned growth ratings as shown below:

No (irowth Traces lLess than lll'r' Cowredl Light (irowth t 10 to 30; (inc-red) 1 Medium (irou th (30 to ht); (owrcdl I Hcmy (iron th [b0 to I00; Cmeredl (Brow th Ratings:

ll l

The pertinent data are set out in Table IV below.

Polyi Methyl Methac rylate W" 0 Polyt [:tliy lcnc lercphtbalatc l" 0 Polyt(yclohc\ancdimcthamvl Tcrcphtlialate 1" ll TABLE lV-CUlllllllUctl TABLE Vl-Continued Sample 'onimercial irim [ii [1 \ainiple Reduced Growth Nu Thermoplastic Rating No. (ii'ati Pulynier Viscosity Rating )3 loblliisphenol A Carbonate) (I 37 (t7 U HMBI Cl. U9 4 l-t Polyl4-Methyl-l-Pentenei ll 3X 7X S/lll HM/Zl (L (1,8 2 l piilyisul utylene l) H9 5/3. HMJN (L Uh l 16 (lilomstilfr iiated Polyethylene l) 17 Cellulose ACLtute l) "l'hi; nmanuii S/HM/(l for the raft polymer represents sl mnexlh tinn exh i l8 ('elluluse Bulyrate 1) meiliaerylate/epsilon-ea nilaeto|ie l) N) loiiJi; NylunJwfh; Nylon-l2 l) H 21) lolyl Vinyl liul rali i) 3| lolyt'iirmaldeh de I) MP 22 lolyl\'ii\ \l Ethyl hlheri LS4 It bXA LES 41 23 luhl \iml Acetate I #LM l T A no normal] '-SOl1Ll thermo listie ex ea ro l raft 14 Poly Vinyl Aeetate| 5(11 Hydroly/ed y p V g to Pui ivin i Alcohol) polymers prepared by reacting epsilon-caprolaetone 35 High D W with hydrolyzed ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer were Rmon M.W. (I M i I 2 High Dcnm} PM-whllcnu tested lor biodegradability in the manner set out in Ex- 51.500 M.W (I amples 6-29 supra The results are noted in Table VI] 27 High [)eiisitx Polteilnlene b s ovt. 97.301) MW 1 el .H La Density Polyethylene. TABLE v 1| i|i|ii M w. l 1*) Lu Density Polyethylene.

ls iuil M.w, ll (mmth Example No. (iral't Polymer Rating ""Krtdihlle KIUH l ttlfkflilL IKC *l \u |u by or; \Miriiei rp 4i) IR Ethylene/(i Vinyl Alcohol; "Hyear mo: by I! i (minim n, 76 (Li i) 4 ""l lliilk i i l duluiil tit \eimiurs & (1i. -ii 36 Ethylene/ll Vinyl Alcohul/ AtIltle' b l'ulyeheni ARK (a Holland 52 (Li ii 4 'kodel by lr.l\lllltlll Kodak it Wt UI'" "'1 l Iuflr (M l l i('l represents LpfilltlH'CHPHtlHClUHC islaiie\ by l (I lnrlieii "Il \.ilii|i 11": ('1! by l l diiPunt de .\LI\ttt\lf\ k ('u. "'l'eiiite iHhAWll'l hi y la linaii Kodak (1| "Temle illAllllllHl) by luistiiian Kodak u u l "'("I- it I (links-(Uri k w L k I Several relatively low molecular weight thermoplastic copolymers of ethylene and different vegetable oils EXAMPLES 30-35 were tested for biodegradability in the manner set out i i i in Ex'irn les 62 su 1"}, These co olvniers were care- Various polymers were tested for biodegradability in p p q fully purified belore testing to remove unreacted vegethe manner indicated in Examples 6 supra. The rer table oilv The pertinent data are noted in Table Ill besults are documented in Table V belowh l m r 3 TABLE V TABLE Vlll Sample Reduced (iro\\'th 40 I y y N mhmur Ruling Sample Ethylene egetahle ()il (iroysth Nov (opolynier Rating 31) i 1 i U7 4 42 74 lxthylenellh Castor Gd 0 I F l 1 u 7: Ethylene/2X Linseed on n I 'f U x 4 44 7. Ethylene-[Z7 sariimttr on o v Poi1;tip v merH V 45 7. lithyleiiel27 Soybean ()il (l r "I" H I U 4o 59 Ethylenel-ll Neat Foot Oil 0 I) 47 Fth \Ieiie/Zl) Peanut ()il (l 33 h, 4h Kl Ethylene/l9 Rapeseed ()il U f 49 x4 Ethylene/l6 Olne Oil n 34 PM) f' 5U 82 l thyleneilh Corn Oil (I iiietltaiiul Terephthalate high l 5 Q1 Elhdcnwt) ()lcic Ad (I 35 ThLl'ltlnplilsllC PUl \l\\ eaproyl Polyurethane high 4 Reaeumi of meth lene lycol initialed |7Ul \lU| i|t tI-U1lpfu|lit:ltIltL')\lil l oi IHIIU inoletular eight \\iili hl-l*l 4t.\JIHHUPIIQII)llltltlhilllti using an INCH/UH rain equal to uiie Poly( beta-propiolactone) and poly( deltavalerolactone) were tested for biodegradability in the manner bXAMPI-ES 3639 indicated in Examples 6-29 supra The results are Four normally-solid thermoplastic oxyeaproyl graft hlhlc 1X hiillw polymers prepared by reacting epsilon-caprolactone '{ABLE with styrene/Z-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolynier were tested for biodegradability in the manner set out M) Smnpk Ruduwd (-mmm in Examples 6-29 supra. The results are recorded in L \Nmili s Table I 51 Beta-Prupinlaetonc Huinopoly mer }h" 4 [ABLE I 53 l)elta-\alerolactuiie Hmiiopolynier it 48 4 y (\5 [wample Reduced (irowth M 1 w No Gm [Mk m" \iiScUsi Rumg Deleriiiiiied iii aeenrdaiite nah i\\ l \t Method D l l -|'J *"Deterniiiietl ll: gram l ke LIllHfUltlFlll 16 I35 SIJYF HM/77 ('l U7 4 EXAMPLES 54 55 'lhermoplastic heta propiolaetone homopolymer (I,

of 1.36; 0.1 gm/lcc. of chloroform) and delable ethylene polymers were formed by fiuxing on a tun-roll mill. Plaques measuring about b X (1 X 0.04 inches from the blends were then formed via compres sion molding techniques. Strips measuring appro titn aleroluctone homopolymer (l,. of 0.48! are tested 5 g ih y (ASTM MCthUd Dv I 2 Thu flTllUll) l X 2 X ().UllflChCS WCTC cut il'OlH ht pldqULS. physical properties of the tested samples are measured The strips made from the blends set out in Examples by a modified ASTM B82245] (Method A) procedure 56-67 were exposed to a source of UV light for 8 hours using an Instron Tensile Tester. In this modification at using a sun lamp. 4 inch distance. 40 watt intensity. The I inch specimen is used and stretched at a rate of 02 [0 strips made from the blends of Examples 6873 were inch per minute to a one percent stretch to obtain the not so exposed. Within one day the strips were buried modulus; the same specimen is then stretched at a rate in a mixture of equal parts of New Jersey garden soil. of 2 inches per minute to obtain the stress-strain curve. Michigan peat moss. and builders sand. After three The pertinent data are shown in Table X below. months the strips were removed. Visual examination of TABLE X Sample Growth Modulus. Tensile Elongation No. Polymer Rating psi Strength. psi at Break. "/5

54 Dclta-Valerolactone 4 67.000 L400 3.0

Homopolymer S5 lleta-Propiolactone 4 161.000 L000 0.6

Homopolyrncr EXAMPLES So l} In Emniples So l}. various blends of biodegradable theromplastic polymer and environmentally degradthese strips revealed substantial crazing. biodegradation and disintegration. The pertinent data are noted in Table Xl below;

TABLE X] EXAMPLE NO. COMPOSITION OF BLEND GROWTH RATINU COMPOSITION OF EDEP'; WWI

90 PCL /IU EDEP 80 PCL/ZU EDEP PCL/30 EDEP 60 PCL/40 EDEP PPLWZU EDEP ill 70 PCL/ 3U EDEP 8 l 40 PCL/(wfl EDEP 8 l 80 PPL/ZO EDEP 70 PPL/30 EDEP 50 PPL/Sl] EDEP )0 PDL l 0 EDEP 80 POL/20 l-TDEP 0.5 PEG-6000" 0.025 Co 0.05 lonol 99 0 EYN' 4 TABLE XI EXAMPLE NO. COMPOSITION OF BLEND COMPOSITION OF EDEP': WtCi GROWTH RATING 0115 Co 0.05 AO-IOIU 945 HDPE 5.0 PP 0.05 Co 895 LDPE 10.0 PP

005 Fe 99.0 EAA' 0.l Co 99.5 EVA 0.05 Co 945 HDPE 5.0 PP 0.05 Co 89.0 LDPE I01) PP 0.l Fe

68 70 PCL/30 EDEP 6) 60 PCL/40 EDEP 70 70 PCL/3U EDEP 71 7t) PCL/30 FDFP 70 PPL/flll EDEP 73 (i PCL/M) EDEP "AU-lllltl represents tetrakisl mell1)lene-3-l 3'S-di-t-hutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionatelniethane -"Al)-Itl'lfi represents stearyl 3! 3"5 dithutyl f-hydroxyphenyl)propionate "SAN R represents 4.4-thiobis(3-methyl-(i-t-hutyIphenol).

"I'op (A represents I.l.J-tris('-t-hutyI4'-hydroxy-2"methylphenylIhutanc. Ionol represents 2.b-di-t-hutyl-p-cresol.

'EAA representns thermoplastic 98 ethylene/2 acrylic acid copolymer EVA represents thermoplastic )0 ethylene/I0 vinyl acetate copolyrnerv ""PEG-hillll) represents polyethylene glycol, average molecular weight of about 6.000

EXAMPLE 74 The blends set out in Examples 56-73 supra are nolded into containers designed in the shape of a bulct" measuring approximately 5 inches in length and )ne inch in outside diameter (maximum for bullet). The wall of the bullet is about l/l6 inch in thickness And is weakened by a slit 1/16 inch wide that extends ongitudinally from the rim to a hole near the point of the bullet. The hole is about l/4 inch wide and about 1/2 inch long. The environmentally degradable ethyl- :nc polymer component of the blends described in Ex- .imples 56417 are exposed to the UV light source as in- Jicated previously; the environmentally degradable :omponent of Examples 6873 are not. The containers ,tre filled with a mixture containing equal parts of gar- LICtI soil, Michigan peat moss. and builders sand, and seeded with Douglas Fir. Within the confines of a greenhouse the containers are then inserted into gar- ;lcn soil enriched with plant nutrients and conditioners The watering schedule is predetermined and takes into consideration the container size. climate. and tree species. After periods ofo months and 12 months. normal root structure and normal growth of the tree seedlings are observed. Visual examination shows a high degree of disintegration of the bullets.

EXAMPLES 75-78 In Examples 75-78, various blends of biodegradable thermoplastic polymers. environmentally degradable ethylene polymers and additional ingredients or additives are formed by fluxing on a two-roll mill. Molded articles in the shape of small flower pots are then molded from the blends.

The articles made from the blends set out in Examples 75-77 are exposed to a source of UV light for 8 hours using a sun lamp. four iitch distance. watt intensity. The article made from the blend of Example 78 is not so exposed. Within I day the pots are buried in a mixture of equal parts of New Jersey garden soil. Michigan peat moss. and builders sand. After three months the pots are removed. Visual examination of these pots reveals substantial craling. biodegradation. and disintegration. The pertinent data are noted in Table XII below:

TABLE XII EXAMPLE NO. COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITION OF EDF.P"'; Wt GROWTH BLEND 4 RATING till P('l."'"/l0 EDFP. 97.8 LDPF" 4 l0 ASBFSIOS 2.II PP' l).l5 (o TABLE Xll -Cntinued EXAMPLE NO. COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITION OF EDEP"; Wt GROWTH BLEND w RATlNG"-" 76 70 PCL/ZO EDEP/ 99.0 LDPE 4 t0 RICE HULLS 0.45 PP 0.5 Co 0.05 AU-lOlU 77 50 PCL/m EDEP/ 95.0 HDPFF 4 RECLAIMED 4.7 PP BUTADIENE- 0.25 Co STYRENE RUBBER 0.05 All-1076" 7s 50 PCL/ EDEP/ZS PEO 99.7 LDPE 4 'EDFP represents environmentally degradable ethylene polymerv r ""Determincd In accordance with ASTM Method D-l lZl-tifl.

'Pfl represents epsilun-caprolactonc homopolyrner. l, ol 1L7. 'LDPE represents low density polyethylene ii) 932) ""HPDF. represents high density polyethylene lll J62! *PP represents polypropylene (Hi weight percent isotactic) ('0 represents cobalt In the form of cobalt octoalc m mineral spirits. "Fe represents iron in the form of iron oct 'tlL in mineral spirits.

"Ailli) Ill represents tetrakisl methyleneJ-l 3't5-di-t buty l-4-hydroxyphenyl Ipropionatelmcthane AO-1076 represents stcaryl 3-i I,5'-di-l hulyl--$'-hydroxyphenyl lpropionale degradable wherein R represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon radical; and wherein R is of the group consisting of di valent aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals and divalent aliphatic oxahydrocarbon radicals; and

ii. from about 95 to about 5 weight percent of an environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition comprised of A. at least about 70 weight percent of normallysolid thermoplastic ethylene polymers of the group consisting ofta) polyethylene. (b) copolymers containing a major amount by weight of ethylene and a minor amount by weight of nasal urated monomers copolymerizable therewith. and (c) mixtures thereof. and

B. at least one polyvalent transition metal salt in which said metal has an atomic number oi from 21 to 3t). 39 to 48. and 57 to 71.

2. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim wherein said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer is characterized by at least 50 weight percent of recurring dialkanoyl units.

3. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 1 wherein said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer is formed by estcrifying aliphatic diol containing from 2 to 8 carbon atoms with alkanedioic acid containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

4. The biodegradable-environmental|y degradable blend of claim herein said normally-solid thcrmo plastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene.

5. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 2 wherein said normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene,

6. The biodegradableenvironmentally degradable blend of claim I wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains an antioxidant.

7. The biodegradable-cnvironmentally degradable blend of claim 5 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains an antioxidant.

8. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 6 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains therein an auto-oxidative susceptible additive having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom hav ing an auto-oxidative susceptibility greater than that oi a hydrogen atom bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom.

9. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 7 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains therein an auto-oxidative susceptible additive having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom having an auto-oxidative susceptibility greater than that oi a hydrogen atom bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom.

10. A biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend as in claim 1 comprising i. from about 15 to about 75 weight percent of said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer. and

ii. from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition. II. A biodegradable-enyironmentally degradable blend as in claim It) further comprising up to weight percent of naturally occurring biodegradable product,

l2. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim I] wherein said normally-solid thermolastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene.

13. The biodegradablc-environmentally degradable blend of claim I] wherein said enviroImIent-ally degradable cthy lene polymer based composition contains an antio\idant.

14. The biodegradablc-en ironmentally degradable blend of claim l3 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains clcs of manufacture from the blend claimed in claim 7.

19. The biodegradable-environmentall degradable articles of manufacture of claim 16 in the form of a container.

20. The biodegradable-cnvironmcntally degradable articles of manufacture of claim 16 in the form of a film.

21. The biodegradablmenvirunmentally degradable articles of manufacture ufclaim 16 in the form of paclc aging material. 

1. A BIODEGRADABLE-ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE BLEND COMPRISING I. FROM ABOUT 5 TO ABOUT 95 WEIGHT PRECENT OF BIODEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTIC POLMER, SAID POLYMER HAVING A REDUCED VISCOSITY VALUE OF AT LEAST ABOUT 0.1 AND UPWARDS TO ABOUT 12 AND BEING FURTHER CHARACTERIZED IN THAT AT LEAST ABOUT 10 WEIGHT PERCENT OF SAID BIODEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO RECURRING DIALKANOYL UNITS OF THE FORMULA
 2. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 1 wherein said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer is characterized by at least 50 weight percent of recurring dialkanoyl units.
 3. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 1 wherein said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer is formed by esterifying aliphatic diol containing from 2 to 8 carbon atoms with alkanedioic acid containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
 4. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 1 wherein said normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene.
 5. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 2 wherein said normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene.
 6. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 1 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains an antioxidant.
 7. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 5 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains an antioxidant.
 8. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 6 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains therein an auto-oxidative susceptible additive having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom having an auto-oxidative susceptibility greater than that of a hydrogen atom bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom.
 9. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 7 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains therein an auto-oxidative susceptible additive having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom having an auto-oxidative susceptibility greater than that of a hydrogen atom bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom.
 10. A biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend as in claim 1 comprising i. from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of said biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, and ii. from about 25 to about 75 weight percent of said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition.
 11. A biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend as in claim 10 further comprising up to 50 weight percent of naturally occurring biodegradable product.
 12. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 11 wherein said normally-solid thermoplastic ethylene polymer is polyethylene.
 13. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 11 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains an antioxidant.
 14. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable blend of claim 13 wherein said environmentally degradable ethylene polymer based composition contains therein an auto-oxidative susceptible additive having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom having an auto-oxidative susceptibility greater than that of a hydrogen atom bonded to a normal secondary carbon atom.
 15. Biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture from the blend claimed in claim
 1. 16. Biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture from the blend claimed in claim
 2. 17. Biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture from the blend claimed in claim
 5. 18. Biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture from the blend claimed in claim
 7. 19. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture of claim 16 in the form of a container.
 20. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture of claim 16 in the form of a film.
 21. The biodegradable-environmentally degradable articles of manufacture of claim 16 in the form of packaging material. 